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| ''Ripablik ăph Phījī'' }} |common_name = Fiji |image_flag = Flag of Fiji.svg |image_coat = Coat of Arms Fiji.svg |image_map = Fiji on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg |national_motto = |national_anthem = ''God Bless Fiji'' |languages_type = Official languages〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Section 4 of Fiji Constitution )〕 |languages = |demonym = Fijian |capital = Suva |latd = 18 |latm = 10 |latNS = S |longd = 178 |longm = 27 |longEW = E |largest_city = Nasinu |government_type =Unitary parliamentary republic |leader_title1 = President |leader_name1 = George Konrote |leader_title2 = Prime Minister |leader_name2 = Frank Bainimarama |legislature = Parliament |area_rank = 156th |area_magnitude = 1 E10 |area_km2 = 18,274 |area_sq_mi = 7,056 |percent_water = negligible |population_estimate = 858,038 |population_estimate_rank = 161st |population_estimate_year = 2012 |population_density_km2 = 46.4 |population_density_sq_mi = 120.3 |population_density_rank = 148th |GDP_PPP = $4.250 billion〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Fiji )〕 |GDP_PPP_year = 2012 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $4,728〔 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal = $3.671 billion〔 |GDP_nominal_year = 2012 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $4,083〔 |sovereignty_type = Independence |established_event1 = from the United Kingdom |established_date1 = 10 October 1970 |established_event2 = Republic |established_date2 = 7 October 1987 |Gini_year = 2009 |Gini_change = |Gini = 42.8 |Gini_ref = 〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Gini Index )〕 |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2013 |HDI_change = steady |HDI = 0.724 |HDI_ref = |HDI_rank = 88th |currency = Fijian dollar |currency_code = FJD |country_code = 679 |time_zone = FJT |utc_offset = +12 |time_zone_DST = FJST〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=FJST – Fiji Summer Time )〕 |utc_offset_DST = +13 |drives_on = left |calling_code = +679 |cctld = .fj }} Fiji ( (フィジー語:Viti); Fiji Hindi:फ़िजी), officially the Republic of Fiji〔In February 2011, the Prime Minister's Office issued a statement saying that the name of the state had been officially changed to the Republic of Fiji, and that the name written in the 1997 constitution was now void (constitution is suspended since April 2009). See 〕 ((フィジー語:Matanitu Tugalala o Viti);〔(Yavunivakavulewa ni Matanitu Tugalala o Viti (Constitution of the Republic of Fiji, the Fijian language version) ). fiji.gov.fj〕 〔(रिपब्लिक ऑफ फीजी का संविधान (Constitution of the Republic of Fiji, the Fijian Hindi language version) )〕 ), is an island country in Melanesia in the South Pacific Ocean about northeast of New Zealand's North Island. Its closest neighbours are Vanuatu to the west, New Caledonia to the southwest, New Zealand's Kermadec Islands to the southeast, Tonga to the east, the Samoas and France's Wallis and Futuna to the northeast, and Tuvalu to the north. Fiji is an archipelago of more than 332 islands, of which 110 are permanently inhabited, and more than 500 islets, amounting to a total land area of about . The farthest island is Ono-i-Lau. The two major islands, Viti Levu and Vanua Levu, account for 87% of the population of almost 860,000. The capital and largest city, Suva, is on Viti Levu. About three-quarters of Fijians live on Viti Levu's coasts, either in Suva or in smaller urban centres like Nadi (tourism) or Lautoka (sugar cane industry). Viti Levu's interior is sparsely inhabited due to its terrain. Fiji has one of the most developed economies in the Pacific due to an abundance of forest, mineral, and fish resources. Today, the main sources of foreign exchange are its tourist industry and sugar exports. The country's currency is the Fijian dollar. Fiji's local government, in the form of city and town councils, is supervised by the Ministry of Local Government and Urban Development. The majority of Fiji's islands were formed through volcanic activity starting around 150 million years ago. Today, some geothermal activity still occurs on the islands of Vanua Levu and Taveuni. Fiji has been inhabited since the second millennium BC, and was settled first by Austronesians and later by Melanesians, with some Polynesian influences. Europeans visited Fiji from the 17th century, and, after a brief period as an independent kingdom, the British established the Colony of Fiji in 1874. Fiji was a Crown colony until 1970, when it gained independence as a Commonwealth realm. A republic was declared in 1987, following a series of coups d'état. In a coup in 2006, Commodore Frank Bainimarama seized power. When the High Court ruled in 2009 that the military leadership was unlawful, President Ratu Josefa Iloilo, whom the military had retained as the nominal Head of State, formally abrogated the Constitution and reappointed Bainimarama. Later in 2009, Iloilo was replaced as President by Ratu Epeli Nailatikau. After years of delays, a democratic election was held on 17 September 2014. Bainimarama's FijiFirst party won with 59.2% of the vote, and the election was deemed credible by international observers. == Etymology == Fiji's main island is known as Viti Levu and it is from this that the name "Fiji" is derived, though the common English pronunciation is based on that of their island neighbours in Tonga. Its emergence can be described as follows:
"Feejee", the Anglicised spelling of the Tongan pronunciation, was used in accounts and other writings until the late 19th century, by missionaries and other travellers visiting Fiji. == History == (詳細はPottery art from Fijian towns shows that Fiji was settled before or around 3500 to 1000 BC, although the question of Pacific migration still lingers. It is believed that the Lapita people or the ancestors of the Polynesians settled the islands first but not much is known of what became of them after the Melanesians arrived; they may have had some influence on the new culture, and archaeological evidence shows that they would have then moved on to Samoa, Tonga and even Hawai'i. The first settlements in Fiji were started by voyaging traders and settlers from the west about 5000 years ago. Lapita pottery shards have been found at numerous excavations around the country. Aspects of Fijian culture are similar to the Melanesian culture of the western Pacific but have a stronger connection to the older Polynesian cultures. Trade between these three nations long before European contact is quite obvious with canoes made from native Fijian trees found in Tonga and Tongan words being part of the language of the Lau group of islands. Pots made in Fiji have been found in Samoa and even the Marquesas Islands. Across from east to west, Fiji has been a nation of many languages. Fiji's history was one of settlement but also of mobility. Over the centuries, a unique Fijian culture developed. Constant warfare and cannibalism between warring tribes were quite rampant and very much part of everyday life.〔Sanday, Peggy Reeves (1986) ''(Divine hunger: cannibalism as a cultural system )'', Cambridge University Press, p. 151, IBNS 0521311144.〕 During the 19th century, Ratu Udre Udre is said to have consumed 872 people and to have made a pile of stones to record his achievement.〔Sanday, Peggy Reeves (1986) ''(Divine hunger: cannibalism as a cultural system )'', Cambridge University Press, p. 166, IBNS 0521311144.〕 According to Deryck Scarr ("A Short History of Fiji", 1984, page 3), "Ceremonial occasions saw freshly killed corpses piled up for eating. 'Eat me!' was a proper ritual greeting from a commoner to a chief." Scarr also reported that the posts that supported the chief's house or the priest's temple would have sacrificed bodies buried underneath them, with the rationale that the spirit of the ritually sacrificed person would invoke the gods to help support the structure, and "men were sacrificed whenever posts had to be renewed" (Scarr, page 3). Also, when a new boat, or ''drua'', was launched, if it was not hauled over men as rollers, crushing them to death, "it would not be expected to float long" (Scarr, page 19). Fijians today regard those times as "na gauna ni tevoro" (time of the devil). The ferocity of the cannibal lifestyle deterred European sailors from going near Fijian waters, giving Fiji the name ''Cannibal Isles''; as a result, Fiji remained unknown to the rest of the world.〔, Central Queensland University.〕 The Dutch explorer Abel Tasman visited Fiji in 1643 while looking for the Great Southern Continent.〔(Abel Janszoon Tasman Biography ), ''www.answers.com''.〕 Europeans settled on the islands permanently beginning in the 19th century.〔(Oceania – A Short History of Fiji ), Jane Resture's Oceania Page〕 The first European settlers to Fiji were beachcombers, missionaries, whalers, and those engaged in the then booming sandalwood and bêche-de-mer trade. Ratu Seru Epenisa Cakobau was a Fijian chief and warlord from the island of Bau, off the eastern coast of Viti Levu, who united part of Fiji's warring tribes under his leadership. He then styled himself as ''Tui Viti'' or King of Fiji, and then ''Vunivalu'', or Protector, after the cession of Fiji to the United Kingdom. The British subjugated the islands as a colony in 1874, and the British brought over Indian contract labourers to work on the sugar plantations as the first governor of Fiji, Arthur Charles Hamilton-Gordon, adopted a policy disallowing the use of native labour or any interference in their culture or way of life. In 1875–76, an epidemic of measles killed over 40,000 Fijians,〔(“Historical Time line” ). Fiji government.〕 about one-third of the Fijian population.〔(“Timeline: Fiji” ). BBC News.〕 The population in 1942 was approximately 210,000 of whom 94,000 were Indians, 102,000 native Fijians, 2,000 Chinese and 5,000 Europeans.〔(“World Battlefronts: Yanks in the Cannibal Isles” ). ''Time''. 26 October 1942.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Fiji」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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